History of Ferrari

“Ferrari”, the Italian company specializing on release of racing and elite cars. With 1989 is concern “FIAT” affiliated company. The Headquarters is in Maranello.

The company (its initial name was Auto Avio Costruzioni) has been based in 1939 well-known racer and the verifier of cars “Alpha Romeos” Enzo Ferrari. Originally it made the various equipment for cars. The cars made the company were issued under mark “Alpha Romeo”. With this company Ferrari had a contract. The first car bearing already actually a name “Ferrari” appeared in 1946. It was Ferrari 125 model, with the powerful 12-cylinder aluminium engine, called to realize dream of its founder: to give to the ordinary road car of property racing without infringement of comfortableness. As a trade mark of firm Enzo of Ferrari selected a skipping stallion on a yellow background.

By the end 1947 there were already two versions of engine “Ferrari”, and its working volume grew at model 166 to 1995 own command “Ferrari” see for the first time next year won a victory in races of Mille-Milja and Targa-Florio. 1949 brought to a command and new triumph in the same competitions, and a bit later a victory in race «24 hours of Le Mans».

In 1951 appears этапная model 340 America with the engine originally developed for Ferrari GT with a working volume of 4,1 liters. In 1953 the same car is equipped with the engine in volume of 4,5 liters and receives a new name — 375 America. The same year “Ferrari” represents 250 Europa, with the three-liter engine.

In total to the beginning of 1954 Enzo of Ferrari exhausted about 200 cars in an is exclusive-road variant and 250 racing models. Creating the road cars, Ferrari addressed to the different design companies, doing the models unlike against each other. But model 250 GT of 1954 began long-term and most fruitful cooperation with company “Pininfarina” which as well as possible has arranged the bodies to new короткобазным the chassis at which the leading rear axle has been suspended on springs.

Already model 250 GT exhausted not only as a coupe, but also a cabriolet, and appeared in 1959 250GT California, made to order, — the bright sample of open model 250 GT of sports type. In 1958 “Pininfarina” created for model 250 GT of a body of specifically angular form: these cars equipped with the 12-cylinder engine, and outwardly made impression of huge power, ideally obedient to any desires of the owners.

Models 375 America and replaced it in 1956 410 Super America (them it has been exhausted only 14) intended for “mighty of this world”: their design cast sensation of force and self-trust.

With 1957 for 1962 was issued altered «Ferrari 250 GT California» with rapaciously pointed cross-section and a demountable roof. This car gained the first victory in races Tourist Trophy of 1960 on a line of Gudvud.

“Ferrari” belong the most remembered cars of 60th years of our century: 250GT in 1960 has been transformed in фастбек 250GTE with a body «2+2», elegant and popular on which base in 1964 has been created 330GT «2+2» with the four-liter motor and original “mowing” headlights. Unsurpassed remained womanly-graceful, prompt Berlinetta Lusso 1962, accelerating momentum over 225 km/h. On change 330GT «2+2» in 1967 came 365GT «2+2» with a self-balanced rear suspension and the steering booster. In 1971 it more strict replaced according to a spirit of the age 365GT4.

In 1966 firm developed the new V-engine originating in racing motors: 12-cylinder, четырехкулачковый, with two cam shafts in each head of cylinders, the lubricating system with the dry crankcase, the provided high twisting moment and the flexibility, 300 h.p. having capacity

In 1968 “Ferraris” exhausted legendary Daytona, or 365GTB/4, with a front arrangement of the 4,4-litre V-shaped 12-cylinder engine, capacity of 352 h.p., developing superspeed — 282 km/h. This model outwardly constrained and functional, is the most high-speed in the world car and, certainly, its advertising estimation as «the best in the world» is not too far from true.

In the early seventies there was a model “Dino”, named in honour of died son Kommendatore, with is central the located engine of manufacture FIAT – V-shaped 6-cylinder; the model was issued and in a 8-cylinder variant, but the 6-cylinder model is considered classical. At one time “Dino” was actually separate mark. Car “Dino-206GТ” was issued since 1967 with engine V6 (1987 sm3 of 180 l. With. At 8000 rpm; since 1969 – “246 GT”-2418 sm3, 195 l. With. At 7600 rpm). Just the same, nonconventional motors for “Ferrari” stood on sports “Fiat Dino”.

The model 365GT4, or Berlinetta Boxer, 1971, had many lines of racing cars «Ferrari: its engine a working volume of 4,4 litres could accelerate momentum 275 km/h; it has been located horizontally in the middle of a body, and the gear box for more rational use of internal volume of a body settled down under the motor. The chassis also made use of experience of racing cars: a spatial tubular frame and steel body panels. On the basis of Ferrari 308GT4 elegant models with bodies of”Pininfarina”became; equipped with V-shaped 8-cylinder engines, they drew attention of buyers prior to the beginning of 80th years.

Establishing horizontal 12-cylinder motor Boxer of racing model 512BB on Testarossa, the company created the massive heavy car meeting the most exacting requirements as sportsmen-racers and «зведных» of clients. Bright bright design “Pininfarin” bore in itself quintessence of advertising spirit, and its founder achieved not only an outer effect: ridge lateral воздухоприемники, the imitators which have found set, served for air giving in the lateral radiators which have replaced a front radiator 512BB. Technical indicators of model also were faultless: five-litre engine Testarossa, with four valves on the cylinder, reached capacities of 390 h.p., and its maximum speed — 274 km/h.

In 1987 founder of company Enzo Ferrari headed collective of the designers who have prepared model F40, designated as «the sum of efforts of the company for years of its existence». The beginning F40 conducts from GTO 1984 and, at first sight, has much in common from Ferrari 308GTB, however has essential technical innovations: the turbo-supercharging, the V-shaped 8-cylinder engine longitudinal (instead of cross-section) the arrangements, established on the tubular frame strengthened by bearing panels from кевлара, of 478 h.p. — all says supercapacity that former there was only a configuration. The body of this supermodel is executed from углеволокна and кевлара, and its close interior quite answers sports essence of the car: in it there is no even a gear for resetting of seats. Amazing technical characteristics and any comfort here the motto 1118-kilogramme Ferrari F40: The rigid suspension did not absorb road roughnesses, the wheel responded to each hollow, and the magnificent motor showed infinite power. Exacting, uncontrollably vigorous and attractive — last child of the founder of firm became such.

Company “Ferrari” cars, with 1969 supervised by FIAT, and with 1989 definitively departed to corporation, are reputed as the most expensive in the world. Each of them is a legend.

In the autumn of 1992 the high-power rear-wheel sporty coupe of classical configuration was published in Paris 456 GT/GTA. Design – Pininfarina. GTA – March 1996 (Geneva). ASR, the modernised body, a suspender and interior (4 places) – March 1998, Geneva.

In May, 1994 there was F355, a sports car the successor 348 GTB/GTS. The cheapest and popular model of firm. Design – Pininfarina. In the spring of 1995 appeared Spider – a cabriolet. Berlinetta – a coupe, GTS – a coupe with a demountable rigid roof, F1 – management of transmission as the racing car. Phase-out Berlinetta/Targa – summer 1997.

550 Maranello successor Testarossa/512 is made on base 456GT. Design – Pininfarina. A debut – on July, 20th 1996.
Model 360 Modena – successor F355 Berlinetta. Design – Pininfarina. The premiere took place in March, 1999 in Geneva. The beginning of sales – summer 1999.

On a showroom in Paris which passes in September 2003 г, the Italian firm of Ferrari plans to show the most powerful in Europe the serial car. It is a question of special model “Enzo of Ferrari”. Occurrence of special model in honor of the well-known designer urged to remind the automobile world of the advanced design school of Ferrari which convincingly proves to be true outstanding successes in Formula-1. The double sports car will be equipped by the 12-cylinder engine in volume of 6 liters and capacity of 650 l. With. Acceleration time to 100 km/h makes only 3,5 seconds, and the car is capable to overcome one kilometer for 19 seconds. The maximum speed of Ferrari Enzo – over 350 km/h. Design of the car developed known кузовное studio Pininfarina. The model Enzo bears in itself lines of race cars of Formula-1 – the streamline case and narrow interior. Doors open upwards. All major functions of steering, including a gear shift, are taken out on a wheel. The car is equipped by a 6-step box, change of drives is carried out by means of special keys on a wheel. It is supposed that will be made only 349 cars of  Ferrari Enzo. The firm offers their most true and known clients, naturally, under forward orderings. The car price makes a minimum of 500 thousand euro.

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History of Bentley

Bentley Cars Ltd. – the English company specialising on manufacture of cars.
The founder of legendary aristocratic mark of the cars formed in 1919, Walter Owen Bentley, with 3-litre "four" developed the first car together with F.Bardzhesom and G.Varleem. In the autumn of the same year Walter Bentley showed the first-born on a showroom in London, but manufacture could adjust only after the lapse of two years. By the way, from the very beginning of Bentley aimed at manufacture of prestigious cars. The volume in three liters did the car inaccessible to ordinary motorists, and unique the then the warranty period in five years drew attention of men of means. The car bore a plain name – 3L that meant only presence of the 3-liter motor. Further the given designation became traditional. And only somewhere from the midpoint of the twentieth years in the name verbal designations, for example, Big Six began to appear.

Bentley, without burdening itself a design delicacy, gave particular attention to a question technical aspect. The main destination of the cars he saw in victories on a car racing. And really, seldom happened so that cars of mark of Bentley did not win sports meets. Application of engines of great volume allowed to "remove" from them considerable quantity of horsepowers. The model 4,5L with supercharger Roots placed before a radiator was one of such. This car was specially разработанна for the known racer and the industrial magnate G.Birkina. Those years the car became one of the most powerful and high-speed, and, despite the critical relation to it from Bentley, brought its companies still the big popularity.

In 1928-30 in small amounts model cars "6.5L" and its sports variant "Speed Six" prepare. For three years this car won races in Le Manet and three times in Bruklende twice.

Model release "8L" – the most expensive and prestigious company in a ruler – began in 1930
The beginning of the thirtieth years has been marked by loss of firm of Bentley of the independence. So, at firm Napier intermediary, Bentley was a part of other elite automobile company of Rolls-Royce. The new stage began with it in the history of firm which at all did not belittle the prestige earned earlier and position. Bentley. Called now SS Cars (that the silent sports car means). Became the indisputable leader among high quality British cars.

The first Bentley created in common with experts of Rolls-Royce – model 3.5L (1933). In 1936 there is a model 4.5L on the basis of Rolls-Royce 20/25НР and Rolls-Royce25/30 НР. Since 1933 it has been exhausted very similar seven on a design and design of models.

Gradually manufacture of cars of mark of Bentley began to move from Derby to the factory of Rolls-Royce which was in the city of Krju. And the created model first completely there became Mark-VI, started in manufacture in some months after the termination of II th world war. Base for this car became Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith. And since 1955 all models of Bentley were the uttermost copies of Rolls-Royce. Nevertheless, despite constructive similarity of both marks, between them was and there is hitherto a basic difference: Rolls-Royce is a representation car, and the place of its owner is behind. And Bentley – on the contrary, a car for people able and loving to drive the car.

To 1952 Bentleys presented model Continental (Континентал). It was sports двухдверный the car which got glory of the most high-speed serial sedan.

1955 – series S showed definitive technical rapprochement of marks. Bentley S1 became Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith copy.
In 1963 there is model S3. In 1965 beginning of release of model of Bentley T.
Release of models with a turbo-supercharging begins 70th are models Mulsanne Turbo and Turbo R, carrying Bentley trade mark. According to experts, Bentley Mulsanne Turbo became one of the best sedans in the world, even in comparison with Mercedes-Benz 600SEL.

The modern program of the company was formed about 20th years. In 1980 the presentation of model Mulsanne took place, in two years 300 strong variant with a turbo-supercharging, and still a year or two from now – simplified version Eight was issued. Other models were created on so-called "to the project 90″, with different bodies and some external differences from colleagues from Rolls-Royse – Turbo R and Brooklands, only model Continental had no and has no analogues. The family of these expensive sporty coupes first of all is intended for young and ambitious millionaires whom sports cars of type of Ferrari seem too utilitarian and deprived of comfort. Nowadays exhausted Continental have three basic versions "R", "T" and "SC". The model "R" is cheaper in family (only 314 thousand dollars) and differs characteristic furnish, and also comfortable and in the same suspender perfectly adjusted on fast driving. The model "Т" has the base truncated on 100 mm, more sports suspender and a powerful cursor in 426 h.p. But most interesting of this "opera" version "SC" (Sedanca Coupe) with a rigid cleaned roof is. In a usual condition is the closed coupe, however, at desire the roof part over front seats automatically is cleaned. And the latest models for today are cabriolet Azure and certainly, the model of Bentley Arnage created on the basis of Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph.

In 1991 there is begun release of model of Bentley Continental-Azure. Later in 1996 after Continental R family of these cars filled up Continental T.

Manufacture of model of Bentley Azure began in 1996
In 1997 г.состоялся the first display of model Turbo RT.
Shifts in the automobile world, reigning today, led to that Bentley Motors company was released from bonds of Rolls-Royce and in 1998 got under Volkswagen AG control.

For today one of the main accents in the production program is necessary on model Arnage (a premiere in April, 1998, Turin). It is equipped by the engine of BMW V8 (4,4) with two turbochargers Garrett and is issued in two base versions – Red Label (more sports variant, 400 h.p.) and Green Label (354 h.p.). Safety of passengers of this ultra-magnificent sedan two air cushions of safety, system ABS, traction-control, and the system blocking fuel delivery, разблокирующая provide doors and separating a steering tube in case of failure.

In a system and not growing old "classics" from Bentley – various variants of model Continental (March, 1991, Geneva) which magnificent quality of an inner trim (a skin from Conolli distinguishes, panels from rare breeds of a tree or the polished aluminium) and the thought over design of the chassis. The most powerful Continental T with the truncated base and 6,8-litre турбодвигателем designs Vickers develops 426 h.p. and by right it is considered one of the most high-speed coupes of the world – the maximum speed makes 273 km/h at a fully loaded mass of 2850 kg. As well as other models of Bentley 1998 of modelling year, Continental more sports, aggressive face found – now the car is completed light-alloy with disks and a radiator enclosure of the matrix form.

Design of soft leather top for cabriolet Azure developed and the Italian company Pininfarina exhausts. The premiere of a cabriolet from Bentley took place in the end of 2000 on a showroom in Birmingham.

2001 – Bently EX Speed 8 debuts on the American continent on a showroom "Detroit-2001″.
In addition to all aforesaid it would be desirable to mention the model of Bentley S-2 belonging to the greatest musician of the twentieth century – to John Lennon. This car has been specially got by it for presentation in America of an album of group Beatles – Yellow Submarine. For full width of perception of a new album and attraction to it большей audiences, specially ornamented the car under Lennon's management, in unique psychodelic style, cast to it and other members of group, probably, after the fair use of marihuana. Speak, the previous owner has been so shocked, seeing transformation that for some minutes lost a speech power. Nevertheless, all these эксперементы made the car a unique exhibit of the history storing in a print of an epoch for a long time of left years.

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History of Aston Martin

Aston Martin � the legendary English company specialising on release ultraexpensive sports суперкаров. Is division of concern of Ford Motor Company. The Headquarters is to Newport-Penell.

Founders of mark of Aston Martin name Lajonela Martin and Robert Bamforda which in 1914 in the London area Kensington constructed an easy sports car with 1.4-litre engine Coventry-Simples on the chassis of Italian passenger Isotta Fraschini. For a year before on car "Singer-10″ (Singer) Martin won a victory in local races on a hill Aston Clinton (Aston Clinton), and in memory of this event the new car named "Aston Martin".

In the end of 1919 there was a second model "Aston Martin", and its manufacture began only in January of 1920 in a new workshop on London Abington Roud.

Aston Martin cars constantly participated in races thanks to which the company typed sports and technical experience. In 1924 in race on Monza count Lui Zborovski rendering to the company the huge financial help and the firm standing on the verge of bankruptcy broke engineer Renuik (W.S redeemed for 6 thousand pounds sterling. Renwick). The new 1,5-litre motor with the top cam shaft which Renuik and its partner Italian Augustu Chezare Bertelli (Bertelli) developed was a basis for all subsequent cars "Aston Martins" till 1936.

The beginning of release of model of Aston Martin 11,9 HP occurs in 1926
In races "24 hours of Le Mans" 1934-1936 the success accompanies Aston Martin Ulster model.
In 1936 there is model Speed.
In 1939 the chief engineer of the company Claude Hill created car Atom with which the history of cars of a series «DB» (an abbreviation began comprised David Brown's initials). In 1940 on моторшоу in London "Atom" made the present furore. But war introduced the corrective amendments.

In 1947 company "Aston Martin" David Brown (David Brown) the owner of the large industrial company on manufacturing of tractors and agricultural machinery redeems, and in 1948 on the basis of "Atom" the first is issued DB. To property David Brown as got Lagonda, thus their motor got to "Aston Martin". In total 15 cars Aston Martin-Lagonda DB1 have been exhausted.

In 1950 debut DB-2 with the engine of 2,6 litres capacity of 105 h.p., successfully participating in many competitions for cars of a 3-litre class took place.

Racing version «DB-3S» with the motor capacity over 200 h.p., exhausted with 1953 on 1956 is especially remarkable. It was one of most (if not most) successful racers «Aston». The main sports successes fell to a lot of a special sports-racing series «DBR». One of DBR-3 in 1959 won Le Manet and won the Cup of designers. In the same years some racing cars of the formula 1 have been constructed, but they were not so successful, as sports.

In 1959 of Aston Martin presented DB4 with the aluminium 6-cylinder motor a working volume of 3.7 l with two top cam shafts capacity of 240 h.p., developed by designer Tadekom Marekom. The updated easy body of a coupe had more elegant and attractive form. It was the most successful car of a category gran-turizmo among the British cars. Impressive four-seater model DBS could accelerate momentum 257 km/h that put the car in one number with supercars.

In 1959 car DBR3 won a victory on 24-sentries races in Le Mans.
Sports-racing Aston Martin DB-4GT with streamline body Zagato which was published in 1960 became one of variants DB4. In total 19 cars of this version have been exhausted; all of them remained till our time.

In 1963 it has been declared release new DB5 which differed from the predecessor only the working volume of the engine increased to 4 l capacity of 282 h.p. By the way, most known of all cars of the Bond � Aston Martin DB5 it is possible to see in films ' Goldfinger ' and ' the Fireball '.

Followed Aston Martin DB5 in 1965 325-strong DB6 it was outwardly similar to all double predecessors, but contained 4 persons. It concerned the higher class and was capable to compete to other prestigious models. In the late sixties on its base more powerful models DBS and DBS Vantage c 6 cylinder engine to which cars with aluminium motor V-8 in 5340 cubic sm, developing capacity from 340 to 450 h.p. later were added were born

In 1972 there was a new turning movement in the history of Aston Martin: David Brown sold to its firm Company Development Ltd., put an end on a habitual designation of models «DB». During this period the company hardly assembled small series of the sports cars which have received designation Vantage for a coupe and Volante for cabriolets. All of them were offered in the most expensive executions with former 5,3-litre engine V8 capacity of 340 and 390 h.p. On them there were first systems of direct injection and the American automatic transmissions.

Since 1976 one of the most extravagant in the world of cars of Aston Martin Lagonda of the higher class with extended клиновидным a cowl under which already known "eight" in 390 h.p. together with Chrysler automatic transmission disappeared was issued by small series. This car was too expensive for the simple inhabitant, but on Middle East Lagonda enjoyed wide popularity. So for example, the Prince and the Princess of Saudi Arabia were one of its owners.

With arrival of 80th years Aston Martin financial position even more worsened. Within 7 years it was bought up some times by English both American industrial and financial groups, but also it did not lead to essential changes in firm affairs. Relative stabilisation нступила only in 1987 when the American concern of Ford Motor Company which have bought 75 % of actions of firm became the next owner of Aston Martin.

In 1988 to the basic scale of exhausted models Vantage and Volante the new coupe Virage combining spirit of models of last years, such as DB4 together with ultramodern design and the magnificent new chassis increased. Virage offered motorists higher dynamic indicators.

In 90th years under the care of Ford Aston Martin economic situation improved. In 1993 to public has been presented new sports DB7. This model is one of the best cars of the company. Models Virage, Volante and Vantage with essentially processed engine V8 with 4 valves on the cylinder and volume superchargers that allowed to hoist its capacity to 557 h.p. are in the nineties still actual

The successful project of Aston Martin on a showroom in Detroit 1998 became new model DB7. The contribution to car creation следущего brought millenia which has been named "Dream Choice" designer Jan Kallum (Ian Callum). DB7 exhaust in two variants which have become already by the standard for астонов � Coupe and Volante.

In 1999 on the Geneva showroom the new child of English designers � Vantage Aston Martin DB7 for the first time has been shown. It is one more dream-car from modelling series DB7. Дизай new DB7 Vantage has been executed also by Janom Kallumom.

In 2000 the owner of Aston Martin � the American motorcar giant of Ford officially presented model of Aston Martin V12 Vanquish which thanks to new, more powerful engine and use of easy materials the car possesses tremendous running characteristics. Vanquish as if and not the car at all, and any boutique on the Champs Elysée. It is not necessary and say that the car is literally stuffed by all possible electronics. All information is processed by the on-board computer (which, according to engineers, can carry out to 2 million commands a second), deduced on the display, and the most important is duplicated by a voice. It is supposed that annually English workers will assemble about 300 cars, everyone in manual and under the individual order so identical will not be.

In 2001 the company informed on release of the fourthousandth car of model of Aston Martin DB7. To them became coupe Vanage, painted in grey-green colour Galloway Green. Sales volumes of model DB7 became a new record of the company and exceed total sales volumes of the previous generations of this model � DB4, DB5 and DB6. It is necessary to notice that elite "Aston Martins" prepare till now in four small sheds nearby to small town Newport-Pegnel in the central part of England. This factory and did not learn that such the conveyor or division of labour on Ford. At other factory where do Aston Martin BD, under a cowl of each car the special brand is put: a name of the collector, or, better to say, the author.

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History of BMW

BMW, "Bajerish Motoren Verke", (BMW, Bayerisch Motoren Werke AG), the German automobile company specialising on manufacture passenger and sports cars, cars of cross-country capacity and motorcycles. The Headquarters is in Munich.

In 1913 on northern suburb of Munich Charles Rapp and Gustav Otto, the son of the inventor of an internal combustion engine Nikolausa Avgusta Otto, create two small aviamotor firms. The begun First World War brought at once numerous orders for engines for planes. Рапп and Otto decide to unite in one aviamotor factory. So in Munich there is a factory of aviation engines, which in July 1917 is registered under name Bayerische Motoren Werke («the Bavarian motor factories») — BMW. Also it is considered to be this date year of the base of BMW, and Charles Rappa and Gustav Otto its founders.

After the termination of the First World War the firm appeared on a crash threshold since under the Versailles contract to Germans forbade to make engines for planes, namely engines at that time were unique production of BMW. But enterprising Charles Rapp and Gustav Otto find a way out — the factory will be reorientated to release at first motorcycle engines, and then and motorcycles.

In 1923 from BMW factory leaves the first motorcycle R32. On motor-interior of 1923 in Paris this first motorcycle of BMW won at once reputation of the high-speed and reliable car that proved to be true absolute records of speed on the international motorcycle races of 20-h-30th years.

Simultaneously develop engine "Motor-4″ which definitive assembly is made in other countries of Europe. In 1919 Frants Dimer by the plane with this engine, risen on height of 9760 metres, establishes the first world record of BMW. Manufacture receives an additional impulse after the conclusion of the confidential agreement with the Soviet Russia about delivery to it of the newest aircraft engines. The majority of the Soviet record flights of 30th years have been executed by the planes equipped with engines of BMW.

In 1928 firm (Thuringia), and together with them and the license for midget car Dixi manufacture (it was licence English Austin 7) gets car factories in Eisenach. Its manufacture begins with 1929. Dixi — the first car of BMW. In economic difficulties the midget car becomes the most popular car of Europe. To the beginning of the Second World War of BMW — one of most dynamically developing firms of the world, issued technics with sports orientation. In its active some world records: Вольфгaнг the background of Gronau on the open seaplane Dornier Wal equipped with the engine of BMW, crosses Northern Atlantic from the east on the West, Ernest Henne on motorcycle R12 equipped карданным with a drive gear, hydraulic shock absorbers and a telescopic plug (BMW invention), establishes a world record of speed for motorcycles — 279,5 km/h, not surpassed by anybody within the next 14 years.

In 1933 there is begun model "303″ release — the first car of BMW with the 6-cylinder engine. This model of the first gets a characteristic radiator enclosure. In the people named BMW "nostrils". These nostrils became a typical element of design of all cars of BMW.

In 1936 on BMW is issued well-known «328» — one of the most successful sports cars. The then it were simply vanguard technical novelties: a tubular frame, the six-cylinder engine with a head of the block from the light-metal alloys, new system of the rocker gear with bars. With 328 model BMW company so became famous in second half 30. What is the subsequent cars with a firm two-colored sign were perceived by the public as a quality symbol, reliability and beauty. With its occurrence the ideology of BMW to this day defining the concept of new models was definitively generated: «the Car — for the driver». The basic competitor, "Mercedes Benz", follows a principle: «the Car — for passengers». Since then each firm goes the way, proving, what exactly its choice is correct.

The winner of great variety of competitions — ring races, rally, competitions in a raising on a hill, — BMW 328 has been addressed experts on a sports car and left far behind all serial sports cars.

1938 – BMW gets the license for engines Pratt – Whitney. Then model 132 which is established on well-known Junkerss Ju52 is developed. Same year the fastest pre-war model of a motorcycle, by capacity of 60 h.p. and of 210 km/h is created the maximum speed. In 1939 German racer George Mayer becomes the champion of Europe on this motorcycle. And for the first time the foreigner on a foreign motorcycle wins the British races "Senior Tourist Trophy".

The begun war leads to a suspension of release of cars. The priority is given again to aircraft engines.
In 1944 BMWs first-ever begins release of the jet engine of BMW 109-003. Tests of rocket engines are conducted also. The Second World War end became accident for concern. Four factories which have appeared in East zone of occupation, are destroyed and dismantled. The main plant in Munich is dismantled by Englishmen. In connection with manufacture during war of aircraft engines and rockets winners issue the order on an interdiction of manufacture for three years.

Both Charles Rapp and Gustav Otto, not changed the love to motors, decide to begin all with zero again. 1-cylinder motorcycle R24 preparing in workshops practically кустарно is developed. It becomes the first post-war product of BMW. In 1951 there is also a first post-war car of model "501″. However it does not bring financial success.

In 1955 release of models R 50 and R 51 motorcycles opening new generation with completely подрессоренной a running gear begins, there is a midget car of "Isetta", strange symbiosis of a motorcycle with car. The three-wheeled car with a door opening forward on movement, had tremendous success in poor post-war Germany. But because of followed then hobbies for the big limousines and the losses connected with it the firm appears on a crash threshold. It is a unique case for all history of BMW when the economic situation and the cars thrown out on the market have incorrectly been counted had no demand. There is a question on firm sale. "Mercedes Benz" hastened to declare its purchase, but it was prevented by small shareholders, workers of firm, its trading agents.

Reconstructing capital structure, BMW is possible to continue the activity. The third time the firm begins all anew.
1956 – designer Albrecht Graf Gertts living in New York, creates the sensational car – a sports handsome man. "BMW beat even Italians". – so wrote newspapers in 1956 when this car has been presented. BMW 507 was offered and as a roadster, and with a rigid roof. The eight-cylinder aluminium engine in volume of 3.2 liters capacity of 150 h.p. dispersed the car to 220 km at an o'clock. In total such cars with 1956 till 1959 252 pieces have been sold. Today it is one of the most rare and expensive collection cars.

1959 – by means of new model of BMW 700 with air system of cooling the concern managed to meet internal crisis and to create a basis for the further success of mark as a whole. The success has been reached not only in sphere of sales. The coupe version gave the chance to BMW to achieve sports victories.

In 1962 concept of model 1500 – a lung. The compact. The sports. The four-door car – has been accepted in the market with such delight. That capacities did not allow to satisfy demand for these cars.

In 1966 for the first time it is presented two door car 1600-2. It formed a basis for creation of a successful series of models from 1502 to 2002 with a turbo-supercharging. Successes of "a new class" promoted development of all lineup. BMW concern could dare to revive tradition of 30th years and to begin release of six-cylinder models. In 1968 premier display of models 2500 and 2800 took place. Which allowed BMW to enter into number of the enterprises again. Issued the big sedans. Thus. 60th years became the most successful for all previous history of the enterprise.

In 1969 BMW's translates manufacture of motorcycles to Berlin. Release of a new series of motorcycles begins. In 1976 on motorcycle R100 RS the full-size aerodynamic panel for the first time is established. In 1983 one of the most popular models of motorcycles — К100 with 4-cylinder рядным the engine with liquid cooling and fuel injection is issued. In a year of century of a motorcycle, in 1985, the factory in Berlin exhausts more than 37 thousand motorcycles. In 1989 there is a presentation of motorcycle K 1.

In 1970th years there are first cars of the well-known series of BMW — models of 3rd series, 5th series, 6th series, 7th series. With release of 5th series manufacture of essentially new generation of models of BMW began. If earlier the concern occupied mainly a niche of cars of sports type now it took the place and in a segment of comfortable sedans. A coupe 3.0 CSL. Which since 1973 wins six European championships. Allows BMW to achieve special successes. This coupe hid in itself set of technical novelties. On it the six-cylinder engine of BMW with four valves on the cylinder for the first time has been established. And its braking system has been equipped by ABS – a perfect novelty for those times.

In 1977 new break in a class "lux". With the advent of 7th series basic updating of all series of BMW ended.
Since 1986 of BMW M3 the most successful car for shossejno-ring races in the world. The compact two-door model was in parallel developed both for a batch production, and for motor racing. The result was simply triumphal for BMW. In 1987 Italian Roberto Ravilja wins the first place in the World championship on shossejno-ring races. And within the next five years of BMW M3 dominated on a sports scene.

In 1987 the new roadster which originally reflected simply as test model, continued tradition of roadsters of BMW of 30 and 50th years. BMW Z1 has been constructed in 8000 cars and became the carrier of ultramodern technologies. Aerodynamics of this car was also at exemplary level. In 1987 BMW concern one of first-ever applies electronic system of resetting of engine power.

In 1990 a new coupe-dream: BMW 850i. Heart at this elegant coupe of a class "lux" became the engine which from any turns the car forward could shoot literally. Absolutely new integrated rear bridge united in absolutely unique image sports qualities and the highest comfortableness.

In a year of reunion of Germany concern, basing firm of BMW of Rolls-Royce GmbH, comes back to the roots which have been started up on Niva of aircraft engine production, and in 1991 represents new aircraft engine BR-700. In the early nineties in the market there are sports compact cars of the third generation of 3rd series and a coupe of 8th series.

Purchase in 1994 for 2,3 billion DM of industrial group Rover Group, and together with it and the complex largest in Great Britain on release of cars of marks Rover, Land Rover and MG became quite good step for firm. With purchase of this firm the list of cars of BMW replenished with missing cars of a midget class and off-road cars.

With 1995 the serial complete set of all cars of BMW engages an inflatable airbag for the front passenger and system of anticreeping blocking of the engine. In March of the same year the versatile person (touring) 3rd series is started in manufacture. The new car differed not only modern design, but also the most advanced technics. So, for example, for the first time in automotive industry the running gear has been almost entirely made of aluminium.

Also 1995 – a debut of new 5th series of BMW. A major principle in its working out – creation of the harmonious concept. The new car differed not only modern design, but also the most advanced technics: for the first time in automotive industry the running gear has been almost entirely made of aluminium. Application of new materials allowed to increase degree of recycling of the car to 85 percent. Exclusively rigid body provides unsurpassed level of passive safety.

In 1996 the model of BMW Z3 of 7th series is equipped for the first time with the diesel engine. Unique synthesis of dynamism and classical design represents simply delightful concept. Additional advertising to the car is created by a film «Gold eye» in which on Z3 the super spy 007 James Bond drives about. BMW Z3 became the best seller. The new factory in Spartanburge has not time to carry out all orders.

In 1997 motorcycle which cannot leave indifferent – Model R 1200 With, represents absolutely new interpretation of a road motorcycle. The sensational design combining traditional and futuristic elements. It received biggest of ever created оппозитных BMW engines. Its working volume makes 1170 смЗ. And developed capacity of 61 h.p. same year BMW represents one more car-dream. It is a question of a roadster of M which as anybody another is a true embodiment of a thoroughbred open sports car.

In 1997 of BMW presented the car of dream which forced to jump up hearts of experts. Roadster M personified an ideal of a thoroughbred sports car, as any BMW before. Its 321-strong engine M3 guarantees fascinating driving.

In the spring of 1998 debuted the fifth generation of successful sedans of 3 Series. Processed in set of the details, a new 3 Series offers not only exclusive appearance, but also the advanced engines, the newest technologies of a suspender and the best in the class safety standards.

The beginning of 1999 was marked by a debut of BMW X5 which became the first-ever Sports car for Productive leisure (Sports Activity Vehicle): the car, unique image combining elegance and a practicality, opening thereby new mobility measurements.

And the one more first place: BMW Z8, a great sports car, celebrated the premiere in 1999 and admired James Bond's admirers in a film "And the whole world a little".

In 1999 BMW company also gave a surprise to enthusiasts of automobile business on the Frankfurt showroom, giving futuristic concept Z9 Gran Turismo.

Now BMW, begun with small aviamotor factory, makes the production at five factories in Germany and twenty two branches scattered worldwide. It is one of few automobile firms, not using on factories of robots. All assembly on the conveyor goes only manually. On an exit – only computer preliminary treatment of critical parameters of the car.

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History of Audi

Audi, the German company specialising on car manufacturing. Enters into concern "Volkswagen". The Headquarters is in Ingolstadt.

Company "Audi" has been based in 1909 August Horch. Its roots leave to nonexistent nowadays, but firm Horch not less well-known in the past shining in a German sky at the time of the third Reich. In 1899 talented inventor August Horch and the Company »which in 4 years got over in Zwickkau based in Mannheim firm«. In 1909 it constructed new rather unsuccessful 6-cylinder motor which hardly was did not result firm on a bankruptcy side that very much revolted its partners, decided to finish with the zealous inventor and to expel it from own firm. But Horch there and then nearby based other company which, naturally, too carried the name "Horch". Its former partners, feeling in young firm of the strong competitor, brought an action against Horch with the requirement to change the firm name. According to a judgement, the new enterprise for release of cars could not carry name Horch, and Avgust Horch addressed to worldwide market to a variant of the former name: to a word Horch, in German meaning "listen", became Audi. So in 1909 the well-known trade mark and not less well-known company "Audi" was born.

The first car under Audi-A name has been exhausted in 1910. The next year Audi-century model such Three cars Horch followed exposed in June 1911 on the first races of Auto Alpenfart in the Austrian Alpes of nearby 2500 km which came in the stead of the well-known run on a prize of German prince Henry.

In 1912 there was the most known model — Audi-with. Same year its first samples passed serious check on the next Alpine races and achieved quite good results, for what From a steel to name cars of a series "Alpenziger".

In 20th years Audi firm stood on the verge of bankruptcy. It had to merge with other firm.
In 1928 company has been got German DKW, Jorgen Skafte Rasmussen became the owner of Audi.
In 1932 economic crisis jogged a number of German firms to concern Auto Union creation ("Auto Union"). It included along with DKW and Wanderer ("Vanderer") the former firms-contenders "Horch" and "Audi". The concern exhausted two models equipped with a forward control and engines Wanderer. Cars well were on sale up to the Second World War beginning.

After the Second World War of Audi and other firms-partners on Auto Union have been nationalised. They were transformed to division «by Associations of the national enterprises for release of cars».

In 1949 Auto Union ("Mercedes Benz") has been reformed thanks to attraction of the majority of actions of firm of Mercedes-Benz.

In 1958 Daimler-Benz AG got controlling interest Auto Union, but then sold their Volkswagen. After transition in 1965 controlling interests to Volkswagen, Audi name began to be applied again. Soon after that events the new car with a forward control has been exhausted, and already by the end 1968 Audis came back to the market, having good assortment of models and the excellent statistics of sales. As an emblem four circles symbolising an event in 1932 interflow of four companies have been kept.

Model "100″ which has appeared in the market in 1968, and also its followers including well-known for Audi Quattro, 4 wheels differed a sports cross-section and a drive gear on all that was a new mark in motor industry of Germany. Model Quattro which has appeared in 1980, gave powerful spur to development of the automobile industry and brought to Audi firm, Volkswagen branch, a world fame. It was the easy, fast car Grand Turismo with magnificent stability, type of the car for rally. It was difficult to competitors to compete with it rally car Audi Quattro. The model exclusively successfully acted in a several auto racing.

In 1969 concern of Volkswagen bought Neckarsulmer Automobilwerke («Automobile factory in Nekkarzulme», NSU). As a result the firm name changed, the firm began to be called as Audi NSU Auto Union, and in the summer 1985 name of firm has been transformed again to Audi AG.

With 1970 wide export of Audi to the United States began. At first export to the USA was limited to Audi Super 90 (a sedan and the versatile person). And also new Audi 100. Since 1973 Audi 80 joined them. Which, unlike the European variant, existed and as the versatile person of Audi 80 (actually VW Passat Variant with higher level of a complete set). After Audi model received in the market of the USA own designations: Audi 4000 for Audi 80. Audi 5000 for Audi 100. However repeating cases of infringements of liability of the producer for the production from the midpoint of 80th years led to recession of deliveries of Audi in the USA.

In 1980 all-wheel drive sporty coupe the huge attention at Audi stand on the Geneva motor show drew. For the first time the passenger all-wheel drive high-power car was offered in the form of Audi quattro with the concept of the all wheel drive used till now only in lorries and off-road cars. The idea of such car arose in the winter 1976/77 during test runs on off-road car VW Iltis developed for the Bundeswehr. The magnificent behaviour of this car at movement on ice and snow led to thought to introduce all wheel drive VW Iltis in serial Audi 80. Also the variant of the raised capacity – presented in the autumn of 1979 five-cylinder turbo engine 2.2 l by power of 147 kw / 200 l has been developed. With.

In 1982 Audis 80 Quattro started to a large-lot production of a constant all wheel drive. Gradually the concept Quattro began to be offered as well for other series of models of Audi.

On the basis of Audi 80 the sporty coupe (Audi Coupe) which debuted in the end of 1993 was issued. The version with a body a cabriolet has been presented for the first time in Geneva in 1991. This veteran of family of Audi in the middle of 2000 has been laid off. Since 1992 them made about 72 thousand piece

In December, 1990 new Audi 100 (internal designation С4) which for the first time in history the enterprises began to be offered also with the six-cylinder engine of the V-shaped form has been presented. Compact (128 kw. 174 l. With.) the strong unit with a working volume of the engine of 2.8 liters was the shortest and easy in the class.

Audi A4 is the successor of Audi 80, issued in 1986-1994 For the first time has been presented in October 1994.
In 2001 versatile person А4 Avant and coupe-cabriolet А4 Cabrio who receives a collapsible rigid roof (as Mercedes-Benz SLK) was issued and, obviously, will prepare at firm Karmann factory.

Audi A8 a leader of a lineup of Audi for the first time has been shown in February 1994
In May, 1994 to public presented five-seater RS2 Avant with 2,2-liter 315- hp turbo engine.
Audi A3 model is created on platform Golf IV. The first display of model took place in June, 1996. Audi A3 manufacture began in 1997.

Audi A6 for the first time has been presented with a body a sedan in Geneva on a showroom in 1997. In February 1998 model А6 Avant with a body the versatile person has been presented. All models of platform С4 laid off in the summer of 1997 in connection with development absolutely new A6 (4B-type).

From the moment of display of conceptual Audi A2 in the autumn 1997 г, prior to the beginning of a batch production (the beginning of 2000) models А2 passed hardly more than two years. So Audi had a new family of cars of the European dimensional class of Century

AUDI S4/S4 Avante/RS4, high-power sports version of Audi A4 with the engine 2,7-V6-Biturbo. For the first time has been presented on a showroom in Frankfurt am Main in 1997. In 1999 version RS4 Avante with the engine 2,7-V6-Biturbo (380 l has been presented. With.).

"Sports" complete sets S6/S6 Avant appeared in the autumn of 1996.
The sports car of Audi TT with a coupe body has been presented for the first time in Geneva in September 1998, with a body a roadster — in August 1999. The model prototype has been presented in 1995 on a showroom in Frankfurt am Main.

AUDI S3, sports version of Audi A3 with the engine 1,8 20V with a turbo-supercharging and the all-wheel drive transmission, possessing high capacity. For the first time has been presented in March 1999.

AUDI S8, high-power sports version of Audi A8 with the engine 4,2 V8 and an all wheel drive. For the first time has been shown in the beginning 1998.

Audi All-road, model off road on the basis of A6 Avant, for the first time has been presented in February 2000.
Now Audi, being concern part of "Volkswagen" company group, endures rough lifting. The similar success became possible thanks to new workings out of firm.

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